Note: this is the stubbed version of module TransC. Try to figure out how to fill in all parts of this file marked undefined. CIS 552 students should be able to access this code through github. Eventually, the completed version will be available.

In class exercise: Concurrency Monad Transformer

> {-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances #-}

> module TransC where

> import Control.Monad.Trans ( MonadTrans(..) )
> import qualified Control.Monad.State as S
> import Control.Monad (ap, liftM, (>=>))
> import qualified System.IO as IO

This exercise depends on the Sequence datatype from Haskell's containers library. This data structure implements efficient sequential data, with logorithmic indexing and append operations and constant time access to the head and tail of the data structure.

> import Data.Sequence(Seq)
> import qualified Data.Sequence as Seq
> import Data.Foldable(toList)

Note, today is all about testing.

> import Test.HUnit ( Test, (~?=), runTestTT )

Testing IO interactions

> -- a)

The Input and Output classes from the Concurrency lecture are useful not just for implementing concurrent programs, but they are also a way that we can test monadic computations that do console I/O.

Here are the definitions that we saw before, describing monads that support non-blocking I/O.

> class Monad m => Output m where
>    write :: String -> m ()
> class Monad m => Input m where
>    input :: m (Maybe String)    -- only return input if it is ready

> instance Output IO where
>    write = putStr
> instance Input IO where
>    input = do x <- IO.hReady IO.stdin
>               if x then Just <$> getLine else return Nothing

And here is a simple program that does some IO in an arbitrary monad.

> -- | Wait for some input to appear, and when it does, repeat it.
> echo :: (Input m, Output m) => m ()
> echo = do ms <- input
>           case ms of
>                    Just str -> write str >> write "\n"
>                    Nothing  -> echo

If I run this program in ghci, using the IO monad by default, I can see that it just spits out whatever I type in.

        Main*> echo
        Hello        <---- I typed this
        Hello        <---- GHCi printed this

Try it out yourself!

But how can we make a unit test for this (simple) program?

The answer is that we will mock the IO monad using a different, pure monad. Below is a definition of a FakeIO monad --- it is just a state monad with two components: a log of all of the lines that were written to the output and a list of all inputs, which may or may not be ready.

> type FakeIO = S.State FakeState

> data FakeState = FS
>    { fsWrite :: Seq String        -- what has been written
>    , fsInput :: [Maybe String]    -- what to read from
>    }

We will eventually be able to run this monad by giving it a list of inputs and it will give us back the log of writes.

> -- >>> runFakeIO echo [Nothing, Nothing, Just "Hello"]

Should produce the output

  ["hello", "\n"]

We can make this FakeIO monad an instance of our two classes by remembering all of the strings that were written and by providing access to the inputs, one by one.

> instance Output FakeIO where
>    write s = do st <- S.get
>                 let oldLog = fsWrite st
>                 let newLog = oldLog <> Seq.singleton s
>                 S.put $ st { fsWrite = newLog }

Complete the definition of the input function so that it accesses the fsInput component of current state, returning the head (if any) and updating fsInput to be the tail of the list.

> instance Input FakeIO where
>    input = undefined

We can run the FakeIO monad by giving it an initial state.

> runFakeIO :: FakeIO () -> [Maybe String] -> [String]
> runFakeIO comp inputs =
>       toList (fsWrite (S.execState comp initState))
>  where
>       initState = FS { fsWrite = Seq.empty, fsInput = inputs }

Here are two examples of unit tests for IO programs.

> testEcho :: Test
> testEcho = runFakeIO echo
>              [Nothing, Nothing, Just "hello"] ~?=
>              ["hello", "\n"]

> -- >>> runTestTT testEcho

> testEcho2 :: Test
> testEcho2 = runFakeIO (echo >> echo)
>               [Just "hello", Nothing, Just "CIS 552"] ~?=
>               ["hello", "\n", "CIS 552", "\n"]

> -- >>> runTestTT testEcho2

Now write a test of your own, for a simple IO progam of your own devising.

> test3 :: Test
> test3 = runFakeIO undefined undefined ~?= undefined

> -- >>> runTestTT test3

A generic concurrency monad

> -- b)

The Concurrency monad that we presented in class was specialized to atomic actions in the IO monad. But now that we have a mocked version of the IO monad, we should be more general. Compare this definition of Action to the one from before; this one is parameterized by a monad in which the atomic actions are run.

> data Action m =
>        Atom (m (Action m))           -- an atomic computation, returning a new action
>      | Fork (Action m) (Action m)    -- create a new thread
>      | Stop                          -- terminate this thread

We add this new m as an additional argument to C.

> newtype C m a = C { runC :: (a -> Action m) -> Action m }

Now, make this new type a monad:

> instance Monad m => Monad (C m) where
>   return x = undefined
>   m >>= f  = undefined

> instance Monad m => Applicative (C m) where
>     pure  = return
>     (<*>) = ap

> instance Monad m => Functor (C m) where
>     fmap = liftM

> -- c)

Next, to make sure you follow how these generalizations work, add the type signatures for our library of concurrency operations. Of course, vscode will just add them with a click, but make sure that you understand why these operations have the types that they do.

> 
> atom m = C $ \k -> Atom (fmap k m)

> 
> run m = sched [runC m $ const Stop]

> 
> fork m = C $ \k -> Fork (runC m $ const Stop) (k ())

> 
> sched [] = return ()
> sched (Atom m : cs) = m >>= \ a -> sched (cs ++ [a])
> sched (Fork a1 a2 : cs) = sched (cs ++ [a1,a2])
> sched (Stop : cs) = sched cs

Testing concurrent IO

> -- d)

Next, show how to implement input and output for this new parameterized concurrency monad.

> instance Input m => Input (C m) where
>    input = undefined
> instance Output m => Output (C m) where
>    write = undefined

(More generally, note that C is a monad transformer. We can make the concurrency monad an instance of the monad transformers class, which will allow it to work gracefully with other monad transformers.)

> instance MonadTrans C where
>     lift = atom

Let's define and test a concurrent program that does IO.

For example, given an output function:

> example :: Output m => C m ()
> example = do fork (write "Hello " >> write "552")
>              write "CIS"

We can run it in the IO monad

      Main*>  run (example :: C IO ())
      Hello CIS552

Or run it in the Concurrent FakeIO monad.

> runCFakeIO :: C FakeIO () -> [Maybe String] -> [String]
> runCFakeIO x inputs = undefined

> testWrite :: Test
> testWrite = runCFakeIO example [] ~?= ["Hello ", "CIS", "552"]

> -- >>> runTestTT testWrite

Write your own example of a (terminating) concurrent program, and a test demonstrating what it does.

> example2 :: (Input m, Output m) => C m ()
> example2 = undefined

> testExample2 :: Test
> testExample2 = undefined

> -- >>> runTestTT testExample2

CIS 552: Advanced Programming

Fall 2021

In class exercise: Concurrency Monad Transformer

Testing IO interactions

A generic concurrency monad

Testing concurrent IO